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Alternare il consumo di cibo sano a quello di alimenti spazzatura, finisce per creare dipendenza proprio agli eccessi del junk food. Il fenomeno è quello delle diete yo yo e riguarda chi si sottopone a un regime dietetico prolungato con un giorno di pausa a settimana: è proprio l’alternanza di privazioni e libertà da ogni vincolo alimentare che provoca l’assuefazione al cibo spazzatura, esattamente come fanno le droghe che mandano in tilt i centri neurali del piacere. Fattore che determina un circolo vizioso in cui per saziarsi c'è bisogno di nuove e più pesanti abbuffate di quel junk food mangiato in eccesso anche solo una tantum.
Lo studio
Resa nota sulla rivista Neuropsychopharmacology, è la scoperta degli italiani Pietro Cottone e Valentina Sabino - entrambi originari di Palermo e ora alla Boston University School of Medicine (BUSM) - che, ancora una volta, conferma come il cibo (specie quello ricco di zucchero) sia una droga per il nostro cervello e spiega perché tante diete si traducono in un fallimento e si riprenda peso subito.
Il “binge eating”
I due ricercatori hanno osservato cosa succede a due gruppi di topi, uno che per 2 giorni a settimana poteva mangiare cibo dolce al cioccolato e per i restanti 5 seguiva una alimentazione controllata (dieta yo yo) ed un gruppo di controllo che osservava sempre una dieta normale. Ebbene, in pochissimo tempo i topi del primo gruppo sviluppano spontaneamente il disturbo delle abbuffate compulsive (binge eating) e rifiutano di mangiare il cibo normale. È sorprendente come emerga subito il binge eating negli animali, spiega Cottone: 'Noi non forziamo i topolini a mangiare il cibo zuccherino al sapore di cioccolato, semplicemente nel week end togliamo loro la dieta standard e gli offriamo il cibo zuccherino. Per i topi diventa subito inaccettabile la dieta sana, tanto è vero che cominciano a rifiutarla e perdono pure peso, proprio perché per loro non è più piacevole quel tipo di dieta', ma solo i cibi zuccherini li appagano.
La molecola della gratificazione
Studiando poi il cervello dei topi con una batteria di test, gli esperti hanno scoperto che il comportamento di binge eating, così acquisito in breve tempo, si accompagna alla comparsa di una disfunzione dei centri nervosi del piacere, gli stessi che sono attivati dal sesso o dalle droghe. In pratica i ricercatori hanno osservato che i topi divenuti compulsivi rispondono meno alla “molecola della gratificazione”, la dopamina.
Dipendenza dal cibo zuccherino
In sostanza il cibo, anche quello goloso e dolce, dà loro meno soddisfazione e hanno bisogno di mangiarne di più per appagarsi. 'I nostri dati sono rilevanti per disturbi alimentari e obesità - spiega Cottone -. Inoltre sono importanti per chiarire meglio gli aspetti comuni, in termini di meccanismi neurobiologici, tra abbuffate compulsive e tossicodipendenza'. 'Quello che vediamo sperimentalmente è che si innesca una forma di dipendenza dal cibo zuccherino semplicemente sottoponendo gli animali a uno stile alimentare del tutto sovrapponibile a quello delle persone che spesso intraprendono e poi interrompono diete (privandosi a intermittenza di cibi insalubri ma golosi come dolci o snack). Mostriamo quindi i rischi potenziali delle diete yo yo', conclude Cottone. I risultati dello studio sono perciò coerenti con le raccomandazioni mediche di sempre, e cioè evitare le diete yo yo ed anche regimi dietetici troppo drastici e difficili da sostenere a lungo.